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CD1d-restricted natural killer T (iNKT) cells express both a single invariant Valpha14 antigen receptor, and are therefore also known as Valpha14+ NKT or Valpha14 iNKT cells, and NK receptors such as NK1.1. Because of this unique combination of receptors, the iNKT cells occupy a distinctive intermediary position between innate and acquired immunity. Furthermore, because of their ability to quickly release large amount of cytokines, such as interferon (IFN)-gamma and IL-4, and their apparent self-reactivity, iNKT cells have been hypothesized to play important roles in the initiation and regulation of many types of immune responses. The multifunctional iNKT cells have been implicated in various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, type I diabetes, systemic sclerosis, and in allergic diseases such as asthma. In the case of organ transplantation, the control of iNKT cells is required for the maintenance of allograft tolerance. Our group studies the regulation of immune functions and responses, both beneficial and harmful, mediated by iNKT cells. We hope to contribute to the development of new strategies for human immune therapy.